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Joseph Smith Fought
Polygamy
Volume 2
How Men Nearest
the Prophet Attached Polygamy to His Name
in Order to Justify Their Own Polygamous Crimes
By Richard and
Pamela Price |
"What a thing it is
for a man to be accused of committing adultery, and having seven
wives,
when I can only find one"—Joseph Smith (LDS
History of the Church 6:411).
[ Joseph
Smith Fought Polygamy Index ]
Chapter 3
The Sarah Pratt Case
The summer of 1842 was filled with tribulation for Joseph the
Prophet because of the many accusations which Dr. John Bennett
made against him. In addition to claiming that Joseph had sent
Porter Rockwell to assassinate Lilburn Boggs, ex-governor of Missouri,
and the Martha Brotherton and Nancy Rigdon cases, Bennett accused
Joseph of trying to seduce Apostle Orson Pratt's wife, Sarah Marinda.
When Bennett and Francis M. Higbee had been brought into Church
court in July 1841, it was discovered that Bennett had been promiscuous
with Sarah over an extended period while Orson was in the British
Isles on a mission. But because both Bennett and Francis had shown
such sincere repentance, they were forgiven, as mentioned in previous
chapters, and the findings of the court were not made public.
However, when Bennett and Chauncey L. Higbee were found in the
summer of 1842 to still be practicing spiritual wifery, they were
expelled from the Church. Thereupon Bennett retaliated by publishing
his infamous six letters in the Sangamo Journal,
beginning July 7. To make Joseph appear to be a villain, Dr. Bennett
claimed in his letters, among other charges, that Joseph had tried
to take Sarah as a plural wife, but that she had refused him.
After the Sangamo
Journal published Bennett's accusations, they were republished
in newspapers nationwide, and Joseph was obligated to answer those
charges. His welfare, and that of his family and the Church, was
dependent upon his response. Therefore, the Prophet proclaimed
his innocence in sermons, in public meetings called for that purpose,
and by publishing what had hitherto been confidential information
known only to Church officials—information concerning John
Bennett's affair with Sarah Pratt.
Church authorities discovered in 1841 that Bennett had seduced
women by teaching them the falsehood that Joseph had received
a polygamous revelation and was practicing polygamy (known also
as spiritual wifery). By teaching this untruth, Bennett was able
to lead young men and women into practicing that doctrine. When
confronted with his sins, Bennett admitted his guilt, declared
that he had lied about Joseph, wept much, and attempted suicide
by taking poison. He was given an antidote and survived. He then
called upon God and the angels to witness his repentance, begged
for mercy and forgiveness, and pleaded that his sins not be made
public. Dr. Bennett was forgiven—and it was hoped that he
and his clique would repent, and the Saints could be spared the
trial of the public learning of polygamy in the Church.
Testimonies That Doctor Bennett and Sarah Pratt
Were Promiscuous
A number of affidavits were made which gave evidence that Dr.
Bennett and Sarah Pratt had an affair. In October 1840, only two
months after Bennett arrived in Nauvoo, the wayward doctor began
seeing Sarah regularly. Some of the information which reveals
the nature of this case includes the following testimonies.
The Testimony of Ebenezer Robinson
Ebenezer Robinson, a justice of the peace during the investigations
and expulsion of Dr. Bennett, recalled:
In the spring of 1841 Dr. Bennett had a small neat house built
for Elder Orson Pratt's family [Sarah and her small son] and
commenced boarding with them. Elder Pratt was absent on a mission
to England. (Ebenezer Robinson, The Return,
2 [St. Louis, Missouri, 1891]: 363)
The Testimony of John D. Lee
John D. Lee, who was a policeman at Nauvoo, asserted that he
was present at the May 19, 1842, meeting of the Nauvoo City Council,
when charges were brought against Mayor Bennett. Lee reported:
John C. Bennett became suspected, and ... He was accused of
selling offices in the military organization [the Nauvoo Legion],
to certain men who would help him win the good graces of some
of the young sisters, and that he became intimate with Orson
Pratt's wife, while Pratt was on a mission. That he built her
a fine frame house, and lodged with her, and used her as his
wife.... He said that the Prophet gave him permission to do
as he had done with Mrs. Pratt. (John D. Lee, Mormonism
Unveiled: or The Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop,
John D. Lee [St. Louis, 1877], 147–148)
Affidavit of J. B. Backenstos
Jacob Backenstos made the following affidavit concerning Bennett
and Sarah's conduct:
Affidavit of J. B. Backenstos.
State of Illinois ss.
Hancock County
Personally appeared before me Ebenezer Robinson acting Justice
of the Peace, in and for said county, J. B. Backenstos, who
being duly sworn according to law, deposeth and saith, that
some time during last winter, he accused Doctor John C. Bennett,
with having an illicit intercourse with Mrs. Orson Pratt, and
some others, when said Bennett replied that she made a first
rate go, and from personal observations I should have taken
said Doctor Bennett and Mrs. Pratt as man and wife, had I not
known to the contrary, and further this deponent saith not.
J. B. Backenstos
Sworn to, and subscribed, before me the 28th day of July,
1842.
E. Robinson, J. P.
(Affidavits and Certificates Disproving
the Statements and Affidavits Contained in John C. Bennett's Letters,
August 31, 1842)
Sarah Was Named in Foster's Letter
Dr. Robert D. Foster, an elder at Nauvoo, wrote a letter in
which he named some of the women with whom Bennett had been intimate,
including Sarah Pratt. Although Foster's statement appeared in
an earlier chapter, it bears reprinting. Foster wrote:
Alas, none but the seduced join the seducer [Dr. Bennett];
those only who have been arraigned before a just tribunal for
the same unhallowed conduct can be found to give countenance
to any of his black hearted lies, and they, too, detest him
for his seduction, these are the ladies to whom he refers his
hearers to substantiate his assertions. Mrs. White, Mrs. [Orson]
Pratt, Niemans, Miller, Brotherton, and others. (Wasp
1 [October 15, 1842]: 2)
Apostle Pratt Arrived Home during the Investigation
Apostle Orson Pratt arrived home from his foreign mission the
second week of July 1841 (see Elden J. Watson, The
Orson Pratt Journals [Salt Lake City, Utah,1975], 142).
He found the Church leaders deeply involved in an investigation
of the promiscuity of Dr. Bennett and others, including Orson's
wife, Sarah. Orson also found "that Church leaders had withdrawn
his wife's food allotment and were accusing her of adultery with
John C. Bennett" (Richard S. Van Wagoner and Steven C. Walker,
A Book of Mormons [Salt Lake City,
Utah: Signature Books, 1982], 211).
Sarah and Dr. Bennett told Orson their version of what had transpired.
They portrayed Joseph as a seducer and liar, and themselves as
innocent victims. Their testimonies were in direct conflict with
the Prophet's testimony that he was innocent of all charges of
polygamy and spiritual wifery.
It will be shown in later chapters that Orson was favorable
to polygamy as a doctrine in the Church. His problem at Nauvoo
sprang from his belief that Joseph was lying, and that Bennett
and Sarah were truthful. Confident that Joseph was not telling
the truth, Orson spurned the Prophet's declarations of innocence,
and opened his heart and his home to Dr. Bennett. He became the
wicked doctor's loyal friend and supporter, and their friendship
continued until Bennett left Nauvoo. Orson believed Bennett's
allegations that Joseph had received a polygamous revelation,
and was practicing polygamy in secret.
An example of Bennett's closeness to the Pratt's is found in
the wedding announcement of Sarah's sister in January 1842. It
states:
Married ... In this city, on the 9th hist., by Mayor Bennett,
Mr. Wm. Allred, to Miss Orissa Bates, all of this city. (Times
and Seasons 3 [January 15, 1842]: 669)
Dr. Bennett continued to function as mayor of Nauvoo, and in
a variety of other offices. He gave the outward appearance of
leading a saintly life, while privately continuing his wicked
practices.
Bennett Charged Joseph with Attempting to Seduce
Sarah Pratt
After Bennett was expelled from the Church in May 1842, he published
his infamous six letters in order to obtain revenge against Joseph
Smith. In one of them he wrote the following concerning Joseph
and Sarah, which was published in the Sangamo
Journal, the Wasp, and in his
book. The doctor declared:
Joe Smith told me, confidentially,
during the absence of her husband, that he intended to make
Mrs. Pratt one of his spiritual wives,
one of the Cloistered Saints, for
the Lord had given her to him as a special favor for his faithfulness
and zeal; and, as I had influence with her, he desired me to
assist him in the consummation of his hellish purposes; but
I refused compliance, and told him that she had been much neglected
and abused by the Church, in order to cloister
her, so far without success, and that, if the Lord had given
her to him, be must attend to it himself, for I should never
offer her an indignity.
"Well," said he, "I shall approach her, for
there is no harm in it if she submits to be cloistered, and
if her husband should never find it out; and if she should expose
me, as she did Bishop Knight, I will blast
her character; so there is no material risk for so desirable
a person."
I then called upon Mrs. Pratt, and apprized her of Joe's contemplated
attack on her virtue, in the name of the
Lord, and that she must prepare to repulse him, in so
infamous an assault, by opposing revelation
to revelation [Bennett taught his followers that Joseph
claimed to have received a polygamous revelation]. She replied,
"Joseph cannot be such a man; I cannot believe it until
I know it for myself, or have it from his own lips; he cannot
be so corrupt." I told her that she would see, unless he
changed his mind, for he was an unprincipled libertine, unequalled
in the history of civilized man.
Accordingly, in a few days, Joe proposed to me a visit to
Ramus, which I accepted, and we started from his house, in an
open carriage, about 4 o'clock, P. M., rode into the prairie
a few miles, and returned to the house of Captain John T. Barnett,
in Nauvoo, about dusk, where we put up the horse, with Barnett's
permission. Joe pretended we were looking for thieves. After
perambulating for an hour or two, we proceeded to the residence
of Mrs. Pratt, and found her at home, and alone, with the exception
of her little boy, who was then asleep in bed. We were hospitably
received, and our situation rendered as comfortable and agreeable
as the tenement would admit of. After considerable desultory
conversation, Joe asked her if she would keep a secret for him;
to which she assented. "Do you pledge me your honor,"
said he, "that you will never tell without my permission?"
She replied in the affirmative.
He then continued, "Sister Pratt, the Lord has given
you to me as one of my spiritual wives.
I have the blessings of Jacob granted me, as God granted holy
men of old; and as I have long looked upon you with favor, and
an earnest desire of connubial bliss, I hope you will not repulse
or deny me." She replied, "And is that the great secret
that I am not to utter? Am I called upon to break the marriage
covenant, and prove recreant to my lawful husband? I
never will. My sex shall not be disgraced, nor my honor
sullied. I care not for the blessings of Jacob, and I believe
in no such revelations, neither will I consent, under any circumstances
whatever. I have one good husband, and that is enough for me."
He then went off to see Miss Louisa Beeman....
Next day, we returned to Nauvoo. I then called upon Mrs. Pratt,
and asked her if her opinion of Joseph, the Prophet, was the
same as heretofore. She replied, "No; he is a bad man,
beyond a doubt—'wicked, sensual, devilish;' but it will
not do for me to express myself openly, or my life might atone
for it.... I had a better opinion of human nature; but, alas!
I was deceived. The scales, however, have fallen from my eyes,
and 'whereas I was once blind, NOW
I SEE.'"
"I am in great trouble on another account. My husband
is a good and pious man, and a true believer
in Mormonism, DEVOTEDLY
attached to Joseph as the spiritual
leader of the Church. He believes him to be a pure man, and
a Prophet of the Lord. Now, if I should tell him the true story
of my sufferings, privations, and insults, and Joseph should
circumvent or meet it with his infallible
rebuff of a 'VERILY, THUS SAITH
THE LORD,' I fear that Orson would believe him in preference
to me, unless his faith can be shaken.
How shall I extricate myself from this fearful dilemma? As a
confidential friend, I look to you [Bennett] for advice and
protection, until the return of Mr. Pratt."
"Be quiet," said I, "Sarah, under these circumstances...."
Joe afterwards tried to convince Mrs. Pratt of the propriety
of his spiritual wife doctrine, and she at last told him peremptorily,
"Joseph, if you ever attempt any thing of the kind with
me again, I will make a full disclosure to Mr. Pratt on his
return home...." Joe replied, "Sister Pratt, I hope
you will not expose me, for if I suffer, all must suffer; so
do not expose me. Will you promise me that you will not do it?"
"If," said she, "you will never insult me again,
I will not expose you, unless strong circumstances should require
it."
"If you should tell," said he, "I will ruin your
reputation; remember that', and as
you have repulsed me, it becomes sin, unless sacrifice
is offered."
He then desired that a Iamb should be procured and slain,
and the doorposts and the gate sprinkled with its blood, and
the kidneys and entrails taken and offered upon an altar of
twelve stones that had not been touched with a hammer, as a
burnt sin-offering, for the purpose of saving him and his priesthood.
His desire was complied with, and the lamb procured from Captain
Barnett, and slain by Lieutenant Stephen H. Goddard; and the
kidneys and entrails were offered in sacrifice, as Joe desired;
and he observed, "All is now safe; the Destroying Angel
will pass over without harming any of us." (John C. Bennett,
The History of the Saints, 228–231)
In Bennett's original letter to the Sangamo
Journal he was careful to state that he
had procured the alleged lamb and he
had offered it on the altar. He wrote:
"Well, sister Pratt," says Joe, "as you have
refused me, it becomes sin, unless sacrifice
is offered:" and turning to me he said, "General,
if you are my friend I wish you to procure a lamb, and have
it slain, and sprinkle the door posts and the gate with its
blood, and take the kidneys and the entrails and offer them
upon an alter of twelve stones that have not been touched with
a hammer, as a burnt offering, and it will save me and my priesthood.
Will you do it?" "I will," I replied. So
I procured the lamb from Capt. John T. Barnett, and it was slain
by Lieut. Stephen H. Goddard, and I [Bennett] offered kidneys
and entrails in sacrifice for Joe as desired (italics
added). (Wasp Extra, July 27, 1842;
Sangamo Journal, July 15, 1842)
Many who have used Bennett's writings to support their position
that Joseph was a polygamist, have ignored the lamb story which
makes all of Bennett's claims ridiculous.
The Goddard's Answered Bennett's Charges against
Joseph
Stephen and Zeruiah Goddard gave notarized testimonies in which
they charged Dr. Bennett and Mrs. Pratt with an adulterous relationship.
Stephen's was in the form of a letter to Apostle Pratt. He stated:
July 23,1842.
Mr. Orson Pratt, Sir:—Considering a duty upon me I now
communicate to you some things relative to Dr. Bennett and your
wife, that came under the observation of myself and wife, which
I think would be satisfactory to the mind of a man could he
but realize the conduct [of] those two individuals while under
my [ ce]. I would have been glad to
have [ ] forever in silence if
it could have been so and been just.
I took your wife into my house because she was destitute of
a house, Oct. 6,1840, and from the first night, until the last,
with the exception of one night, it being nearly a month, the
Dr. was there as sure as the night came, and generally two or
three times a day—on the first three nights he left about
9 o'clock—after that he remained later, sometimes till
after midnight; what their conversation was I could not tell,
as they sat close together, he leaning on her ... whispering
continually or talking very low—we generally went to bed
and had one or two naps before he left.
After being at my house nearly a month she was furnished with
a house by Dr. Foster, which she lived in until sometime about
the first of June, when she was turned out of the house and
came to my house again, and the Dr. came as before.
One night they took their chairs out of doors and remained
there as we supposed until 12 o'clock or after; at another time
they went over to the house where you now live and come back
after dark, or about that time. We went over several times late
in the evening while she lived in the house of Dr. Foster, and
were most sure to find Dr. Bennett and your wife together, as
it were, man and wife. Two or three times we found little Orson
lying on the floor and the bed apparently reserved for the Dr.
and herself—she observing that since a certain [ ]
he had rather sleep on the floor than with her.
I am surprised to hear of her crying because Bro. Joseph attempted
to kiss her as she stated, even if he did do it; for she would
let a certain man smack upon her mouth and face half a dozen
times or more in my house without making up the first wry face.
I will not mention his name at present.
There are many more things which she has stated herself to
my wife, which could go to show more strongly the feelings,
connexion, and the conduct of the two individuals. As to the
lamb which Dr. Bennett speaks of, I killed it, and kept a hind
quarter of it for my own use, and saw the Dr. and Mrs. Pratt
eat of the balance; The (Dr.) told me he would like to have
me save enough blood to make a French pudding, which I believe
Mrs. Pratt spoke of afterwards and said it looked so that she
could not eat it. I had not instructions to save the entrails
[to be sacrificed], and the Dr. was not present to [sacrifice]
them himself, consequently his statements that he burned them
on twelve stones is a falsehood, for the hogs eat them.
Your friend
Stephen H. Goddard
I certify that the above statement of my husband is true according
to the best of my knowledge.
Zeruiah N. Goddard. Sworn to before me July 23d 1842.
Geo. W. Harris, Alderman of the City of Nauvoo. (Affidavits
and Certificates, August 31, 1842)
Testimony of Mrs. Goddard
Mrs. Goddard was more explicit in her testimony than her husband
in explaining the conduct of Dr. Bennett and Sarah Pratt. She
gave the following statement to be published:
Dr. Bennett came to my house one night about 12 o'clock, and
sat on or beside the bed where Mrs. Pratt was and cursed and
swore very profanely at her; she told me next day that the Dr.
was quick tempered and was mad at her, but I have no other reason.
I concluded from circumstances that she had promised to meet
him somewhere and had disappointed him; on another night I remonstrated
with the Dr. and asked him what Orson Pratt would think, if
he could know that you were so fond of his wife, and holding
her hand so much; the Dr. replied that he could pull the wool
over Orson's eyes.
Mrs. Pratt stated to me that Dr. Bennett told her, that he
could cause abortion with perfect safety to the mother, at any
stage of pregnancy, and that he had frequently destroyed and
removed infants before their time to prevent exposure of the
parties, and that he had instruments for that purpose &c.
My husband and I were frequently at Mrs. Pratt's and stayed
till after 10 o'clock in the night, and Dr. Bennett still remained
there with her and her little child alone at that late hour.
On one occasion I came suddenly into the room where Mrs. Pratt
and the Dr. were: she was lying on the bed and the Dr. was taking
his hands out of her bosom; he was in the habit of sitting on
the bed where Mrs. Pratt was lying and lying down over her.
I would further state that from my own observation, I am satisfied
that their conduct was anything but virtuous, and I know Mrs.
Pratt is not a woman of truth, and I believe the statements
which Dr. Bennett made concerning Joseph Smith are false, and
fabricated for the purpose of covering his own iniquities, and
enabling him to practice his base designs on the innocent.
Zeruiah N. Goddard (ibid.)
When the above affidavits and Bennett's ridiculous tale of the
sacrificed lamb are considered, it becomes apparent that Bennett
concocted the entire story of Joseph seeking Sarah for a plural
wife, in order to destroy Joseph and to shield himself from public
disgrace and Orson Pratt's wrath. Since he had been intimate with
Sarah, and since she did not want to risk her marriage by telling
Orson the truth, he felt safe in using Sarah's name and declaring
falsely that Joseph had made an attempt to seduce her.
Joseph Smith Ill's Interview with Sarah Pratt
Joseph Smith III, son of the Martyr, interviewed Sarah Pratt
on one of his visits to Salt Lake City. That interview was published
in two issues of the Saints' Herald.
Joseph III reported:
I was visiting in the home of a retired physician named Benedict....
In conversation with him and his wife, I mentioned Elder Orson
Pratt, then deceased, and asked them if they knew the woman
who was his wife when he lived in Nauvoo, and whether or not
she were still living.
They said, "Why, yes; she lives with some sons of hers
only about two blocks from here, and we know her well."
For certain reasons which I believed to be good, I was desirous
of having a talk with Mrs. Pratt, whom I had known at Nauvoo.
So I asked Doctor Benedict if he would go with me to call upon
her. He consented to do so, and after lunch we repaired to the
house and I was presented to the lady.... The latter part of
my conversation with her revolved around the matters I had had
particularly in mind when I sought the interview. I asked her,
"Sister Pratt, will you allow me to ask you some rather
personal and delicate questions?"
"You may ask me any questions proper for a lady to hear
and answer," she replied.
I assured her I would use no language a lady should not hear
and did not wish to ask any improper question or one she might
not answer in the presence of Dr. Benedict who was with me.
But I told her I felt there were some which referred to my father
and herself which only she could answer. I asked her to consider
the circumstances in which I was placed. I was the son of the
Prophet; had been baptized by him; was a member, though a young
one, at the time of his death, and thought that I had understood,
in part at least, the principles the church taught and believed.
But following his death certain things were said about him,
his teaching and practice, which were at variance with what
I had known and believed about him and about the doctrines he
presented. Naturally I wanted to know the truth about these
matters, for I assured her I would much rather meet here in
this life whatever of truth might be revealed about those things,
even though it were adverse to what I believed to be his character,
than to wait until after I had passed to the other side and
there be confronted with it and compelled to alter my position
should such revealment prove I had been in error. She told me
to proceed and the following conversation took place.
"Did you know my father in Nauvoo?"
"Yes, I knew him well."
"Were you acquainted with his general deportment in society,
especially towards women?"
"Yes."
"Did you ever know him to be guilty of any inpropriety
in speech or conduct towards women in society or elsewhere?"
"No, sir, never. Your father was always a gentleman,
and I never heard any language from him or saw any conduct of
his that was not proper and respectful."
"Did he ever visit you or at your house?"
"He did."
"Did he ever at such times or at any other time or place
make improper overtures to you, or proposals of an improper
nature—begging your pardon for the apparent indelicacy
of this question?"
To this Mrs. Pratt replied, quietly but firmly, "No,
Joseph; your father never said an improper word to me in his
life. He knew better."
"Sister Pratt, it has been frequently told that he behaved
improperly in your presence, and I have been told that I dare
not come to you and and ask you about your relations with him,
for fear you would tell me things which would be unwelcome to
me."
"You need have no such fear," she repeated. "Your
father was never guilty of an action or proposal of an improper
nature in my house, towards me, or in my presence, at any time
or place. There is no truth in the reports that have been circulated
about him in this regard. He was always the Christian gentleman,
and a noble man."
That I thanked Mrs. Pratt very warmly for her testimony in
these matters my readers may be very sure. I had constantly
heard it charged that my father had been guilty of improper
conduct toward Elder Pratt's wife, and I had long before made
up my mind that if I ever had an opportunity I would find out
the truth from her.
The result [of this interview] was very gratifying to me,
especially as she had made her short, clear-cut statements freely,
just as I have recorded, in the presence of Dr. Benedict.
It may be added that mingled with my pleasure was a degree
of astonishment that such stories as had been told about her
and her relations with Father should have gotten out and been
so widely circulated and yet never met with a public refutation
from her. However, I expressed my appreciation of her kind reception
and her statements, and at the close of our interview, which
lasted about an hour and a half, left her with good wishes.
Doctor Benedict and I passed from her presence into the street
in a silence which was not broken until we had gone some distance.
Then suddenly he stopped, pulled off his hat, looked all around
carefully, and raising his hand emphatically, said:
"My God! What damned liars these people are! Here for
years I have been told that your father had Mrs. Pratt for
one of his spiritual wives and was guilty of improper relations
with her. Now I hear from her own lips, in unmistakable language,
that it was not true. What liars! What liars!"
...I was glad that before she died I had her testimony, and
that it had proved, as had been proved many times before, that
such charges made against my father were untrue.
...I have conscientiously traced statements made by various
individuals inculpating my father in this wrongdoing, and in
every instance I have failed to find evidence worthy to be called
proof. It strikes me now, as it has for many, many years, that
honorable men and women should absolve me from blame for pursuing
the course I have taken, in steadfastly refusing to believe,
simply because persons entangled in the evil meshes [of polygamy]
wished to involve him in their wrongdoing, that my father was
a bad man and responsible for doctrines which he himself pronounced
to be "false and corrupt." (Saints'
Herald, January 15, 1935, 80; January 22, 1935, 109–110)
Conclusion
The case of Sarah Pratt provides one of the missing pieces in
the puzzle of how Joseph fought polygamy, but was labeled as its
author. Orson was not opposed to polygamy as a doctrine in the
Church. His difficulty arose from his belief that Joseph had attempted
to seduce Sarah and take her as his plural wife. Joseph denied
these charges and Orson believed that Joseph was lying about it.
Orson's belief made him a prime candidate for Brigham Young to
choose to formally introduce the doctrine of polygamy to the Saints
in Utah in 1852. Orson later became the Mormon Church's foremost
theologian on polygamy. Without Orson, Brigham would not have
been able to make polygamy a doctrine of the Mormon Church.
The next chapter will give further evidence of Joseph's battle
against the encroachment of polygamy into the Church, and more
details of Orson's involvement with that false doctrine.
[ Joseph
Smith Fought Polygamy Index ]
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